Real-Time Scheduling

Hard real-time systems – required to complete a critical task within a guaranteed amount of time.

Soft real-time computing – requires that critical processes receive priority over less fortunate ones.

Round Robin (RR)

• Each process gets a small unit of CPU time (time quantum), usually 10-100 milliseconds. After this time has elapsed, the process is preempted and added to the end of the ready queue.
• If there are n processes in the ready queue and the time quantum is q, then each process gets 1/n of the CPU time in chunks of at most q time units at once. No process waits more than (n-1)q time units.
• Performance

1.           q large Þ FIFO
2.           q small Þ q must be large with respect to context switch, otherwise overhead is too high.

Priority Scheduling

• A priority number (integer) is associated with each process
• The CPU is allocated to the process with the highest priority (smallest integer º highest priority).

1.          Preemptive
2.          nonpreemptive

• SJF is a priority scheduling where priority is the predicted next CPU burst time.
• Problem º Starvation – low priority processes may never execute.
• Solution º Aging – as time progresses increase the priority of the process

CPU Schedular

• Selects from among the processes in memory that are ready to execute, and allocates the CPU to one of them.
• CPU scheduling decisions may take place when a process:

1. Switches from running to waiting state.
2. Switches from running to ready state.
3. Switches from waiting to ready.
4. Terminates.

Dispatcher (operating system concepts)

 

Dispatcher module gives control of the CPU to the process selected by the short-term scheduler; this involves:

1. switching context
2. switching to user mode
3. jumping to the proper location in the user program to restart that program

• Dispatch latency – time it takes for the dispatcher to stop one process and start another running.

Introduction to UML (Basics)

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DOS Commands With Examples

The following is a list of useful DOS commands, with explanations. They are useful on older DOS systems and in the command-line interface on modern Windows systems. To access the command-line interface:

• Windows 7 or Vista: Click Start, typecmd , and then press Enter.Certain commands may require administrative access on Windows 7 or Vista. To launch the command line interface in administrative mode, click Start, type cmd , and then right-click the cmd or cmd.exe search result and choose Run as Administrator.
• Windows XP: Click Start, thenRun. Type cmd , and then pressEnter.

Note: Where example files (e.g.,file.ext, file1, file2), file extensions (.ext), directories (e.g., diry,diry1, diry2), commands (e.g.,command), and drive letters (e.g., a:,b:, c:) are given, substitute the name of your own file, directory, command, or drive letter. Since DOS is not case-sensitive, you can type these commands in either upper- or lowercase.

help	List commands (only in DOS versions 5 or later).
help command	See help for the DOScommand.
command /?	List switches for the DOScommand.
path=c:\windows ; c:\dos	Specify in which directories DOS searches for commands or programs.
prompt $p$g	Make the DOS prompt display the current directory.
dir	List files in the current directory in one column.
dir /w	List files in five columns.
dir /p	List files one page at a time.
dir *.ext	List all files with an.ext extension.
dir z???.ext	List files with .extextensions that have four letters and start with z (where z is a character of your choice).
dir file.ext /s	Search for thefile.ext in the current directory and all subdirectories under the current directory; most useful if the current directory is the root (i.e., C:\ ).
type file.ext	View the contents of the text filefile.ext.
edit file.ext	Use the DOS editor to edit the file file.ext.
a:	Change to the a: drive.
md c:\diry	Make a new subdirectory nameddiry in the c:\ directory.
cd c:\diry	Change to subdirectorydiry.
rd c:\diry	Remove the existing subdirectory named diry.
del file.ext	Delete a file namedfile.ext.
ren file1 file2	Rename file file1to file2.
copy file1 file2	Copy file file1to file2.
verify on	Turn on verification of copy commands.
verify off	Turn off verification of copy commands.
xcopy diry1 diry2 /s	Copy all files and subdirectories in directory diry1 to diry2.
xcopy diry1 diry2 /p	Ask for confirmation of each file before copying it from diry1 todiry2.
diskcopy a: b:	Duplicate a disk using two floppy drives.
diskcopy a: a:	Duplicate a disk using the same floppy drive.
format a:	Format a disk in drivea: .
format a: /s	Format a bootable disk (include system files).
backup c:\diry\*.ext a:	Back up all files with the extension .ext in c:\diry\ to drivea: .
backup c:\ a: /s	Back up the entirec: drive to drive a: .
restore a:\ c:\diry\*.ext	Restore backed-up files with the extension .ext in drive a: to the c:\diry\ directory.
restore a: c:\ /s	Restore backed-up files and subdirectories from drive a: to c:\ .
ver	Check the version of DOS.
time	Check or correct the system time.
date	Check or correct the system date.
cls	Clear the screen.
scandisk	Scan and check drive c:for errors. ScanDisk replaces chkdsk (see below) on DOS version 6.0 and above (including Windows 95).
chkdsk	Check disk and memory usage of the current disk.
chkdsk /f	Fix errors reported bychkdsk.
chkdsk file.ext	Check a particular file.
chkdsk a:	Check a particular drive (in this case, a floppy in the a: drive).
mem	Check memory usage.

Learn Microsoft Excel 2007

http://www.gcflearnfree.org/excel2007
http://www.baycongroup.com/excel2007/04_excel.htm

What is Sequence Diagram in UML

A sequence diagram can map a scenarios described by a use case in step by step detail to define how objects collaborate to achieve your application’s goals
                                                 OR
UML sequence diagrams are used to show how objects interact in a given situation. An important characteristic of a sequence diagram is that time passes from top to bottom : the interaction starts near the top of the diagram and ends at the bottom

A lifeline in a sequence diagram represents an object and shows all its points of interaction with other objects in events that are important to it. Lifelines start at the top of a sequence diagram and descend vertically to indicate the passage of time. Interactions between objects – messages and replies – are drawn as horizontal direction arrows connecting lifelines. In addition, boxes known as combine fragments are drawn around sets of arrows to mark alternative actions, loops, and other control structures.

sequence diagram toolbar for quick access to specialized UML elements including lifelines, combine fragments, gates, message call and reply arrows, message arrows that create new lifelines or destroy existing objects, notes, and more.

 

 

all UML diagrams, comments are shown in a rectangle with a folded-over corner : 

 

Objects as well as classes can be targets on a sequence diagram, which means that messages can be sent to them. A target is displayed as a rectangle with some text in it. Below the target, its lifeline extends for as long as the target exists. The lifeline is displayed as a vertical dashed line.

Object

The basic notation for an object is

 

 

As with any UML-element, you can add a stereotype to a target. Some often used stereotypes for objects are «actor», «boundary», «control», «entity» and «database». They can be displayed with icons as well :

 

 

 

Messages

When a target sends a message to another target, it is shown as an arrow between their lifelines. The arrow originates at the sender and ends at the receiver. Near the arrow, the name and parameters of the message are shown.

Synchronous message

A synchronous message is used when the sender waits until the receiver has finished processing the message, only then does the caller continue (i.e. a blocking call). Most method calls in object-oriented programming languages are synchronous. A closed and filled arrowhead signifies that the message is sent synchronously.

 

 

The white rectangles on a lifeline are called activations and indicate that an object is responding to a message. It starts when the message is received and ends when the object is done handling the message.
When a messages are used to represent method calls, each activation corresponds to the period during which an activation record for its call is present on the call stack.
If you want to show that the receiver has finished processing the message and returns control to the sender, draw a dashed arrow from receiver to sender. Optionally, a value that the receiver returns to the sender can be placed near the return arrow.

 

 

Instantaneous message

Messages are often considered to be instantaneous, i.e. the time it takes to arrive at the receiver is negligible. For example, an in-process method call. Such messages are drawn as a horizontal arrow

Message to self

A message that an object sends itself can be shown as follows :

Keep in mind that the purpose of a sequence diagram is to show the interaction between objects, so think twice about every self message you put on a diagram.

Creation and destruction

Targets that exist at the start of an interaction are placed at the top of the diagram. Any targets that are created during the interaction are placed further down the diagram, at their time of creation.

A target's lifeline extends as long as the target exists. If the target is destroyed during the interaction, the lifeline ends at that point in time with a big cross



Conditional interaction


A message can include a guard, which signifies that the message is only sent if a certain condition is met. The guard is simply that condition between brackets.

If you want to show that several messages are conditionally sent under the same guard, you'll have to use an 'opt' combined fragment. The combined fragment is shown as a large rectangle with an 'opt' operator plus a guard, and contains all the conditional messages under that guard.

A guarded message or 'opt' combined fragment is somewhat similar to the if-construct in a programming language.
If you want to show several alternative interactions, use an 'alt' combined fragment. The combined fragment contains an operand for each alternative. Each alternative has a guard and contains the interaction that occurs when the condition for that guard is met.

At most one of the operands can occur. An 'alt' combined fragment is similar to nested if-then-else and switch/case constructs in programming languages.

Repeated interaction

When a message is prefixed with an asterisk (the '*'-symbol), it means that the message is sent repeatedly. A guard indicates the condition that determines whether or not the message should be sent (again). As long as the condition holds, the message is repeated.

The above interaction of repeatedly sending the same message to the same object is not very useful, unless you need to document some kind of polling scenario.
A more common use of repetition is sending the same message to different elements in a collection. In such a scenario, the receiver of the repeated message is a multiobject and the guard indicates the condition that controls the repetition.

This corresponds to an iteration over the elements in the collection, where each element receives the message. For each element, the condition is evaluated before the message is sent. Usually though, the condition is used as a filter that selects elements from the collection (e.g. 'all', 'adults', 'new customers' as filters for a collection of Person objects). Only elements selected by the filter will receive the message.
If you want to show that multiple messages are sent in the same iteration, a 'loop' combined fragment can be used. The operator of the combined fragment is 'loop' and the guard represents the condition to control the repetition.

Again, if the receiver of a repeated message is a collection, the condition is generally used to specify a filter for the elements.
For example, to show that the bounds of a drawing are based on those of its visible figures we could draw the following sequence diagram :

Several things are worth noting in this example

• a local variable 'r' was introduced to clarify that it is the result of getBounds that is added.
• naming the resulting Rectangle 'bounds' avoids the introduction of an extra local variable.
• the loop condition is used as a filter on the elements of the figures collection.

Learning Adobe Photoshop CS3

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What Is UML.??

What is UML?

UML is an acronym for Unified Modeling Language. UML is widely accepted as the de facto standard description language for the specification and design of object-oriented software systems. UML is a family of “languages”, or diagram types, that attempt to bring together the “best in breed” software specification techniques for describing software systems. Users and practicioners of UML can choose which members of the family are the most suitable for their application domain.

Personally, I have become associated with UML through my years and years of specifying software products. Several of the UML diagram types that I will discuss below are among my primary tools for communicating application and system requirements and software designs to programmers.

I do not advocate, nor do I personally practice, an over-attachment to UML. Like many of these project management and requirements management techniques, there is a time and a place for the proper introduction of these types of UML artifacts into the software development process. Programmers may be unfamiliar with the UML diagram types and symbology, and so if you are a business analyst, project, program or product manager, and you are using these types of project deliverables with a new staff of engineers, be prepared to explain the UML diagram type you are using, keep the introductions down to one or two different new UML “Languages”, or diagram types, at a time.

I also recommend that if you insert UML diagrams into your functional specification documents, and I recommend that if you have invested the time to properly prepare UML diagrams that you do leverage them into your spec docs, make sure that you include an explanatory prose component into your accompanying functional specification document’s text.

There are nine different types of UML languages, or diagram types:

1. Use Case.

2. Sequence.

3. Collaboration.

4. Statechart.

5. Activity.

6. Class.

7. Object.

8. Component.

9. Deployment.

Five of these diagram types render behavioral views, the use case, sequence, collaboration, statechart and activity diagrams, while the remaining four diagram types are concerned with architectural or static aspects of the software design.

How does UML help in specifying a software design?

UML is a graphical language that is based on the premise that any software system can be described in terms of interacting business entities and that various aspects of these entities and their interactions, can be described visually using one or more of the above nine types of UML diagrams.

Use Case diagrams represent and document the dialog between external (to the system under discussion, as in an embedded system) actors and the system.

Sequence and collaboration diagrams describe interactions between objects.

Activity diagrams illustrate the flow of control between objects.

Statecharts represent the internal dynamics of active objects.

What is OSI Model

The OSI Model is used to describe networks and network application.
Layers of OSI Model
Three are Sever Layers of OSI Model :
7) Application Layer : The application layer provider different services to the application. Example of services provided by this layer are file transfer, electronic messaging e-mail, virtual terminal access and network management.
6) Presentation Layer : The Presentation layer is responsible for protocol conversion, date encryption/decryption, Expanding graphics command and the date compression. This layer makes the communications between two host possible.
5) Session Layer : This layer is responsible for establishing the process-to-process communication between the host in the network. This layer is responsible for establishing and ending the sessions across the network. The interactive login is an example of services provided by this layer in which the connective are re-connected in care of any interruption.
4) Transport Layer : This layer is responsible for end-to-end delivers of messages between the networked hosts. It first divides the streams of data into chunks or packets before transmission and then the receiving computer re-assembles the packets. It also guarantee error free data delivery without loss or duplications.
3) Network Layer : This layer is responsible for translating the logical network address and names into their physical address ( MAC address). This layer is also responsible for addressing, determining routes for sending and managing network problems such as packet switching, data congestion and routines.
2) Data Link Layer : Data link layer is responsible for controlling the error between adjacent nodes and transfer the frames to other computer via physical layer. Data link layer is used by hubs and switches for their operation.
1) Physical Layer : Physical Layer is responsible for transmitting row bit stream over the physical cable. The physical layer defines the hardware items such as cables, cards, voltages etc.

TCP/IP VS OSI MODEL Presentation

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10 Secrets to Success

1. How You Think is Everything.
Always be positive. Think Success, not Failure. Beware of a negative environment.
This trait has to be one of the most important in the entire list. Your belief that you can accomplish your goals has to be unwavering. The moment you say to yourself “I can’t…”, then you won’t. I was always given the advice “never say I can’t” and I’d like to strike those words from the dictionary.
I’ve found that from time-to-time my attitude waivers. A mentor of mine once said “it’s ok to visit pity city, but you can’t stay and there comes a time when you need to leave”. Positive things happen to positive people.
2. Decide upon Your True Dreams and Goals: Write down your specific goals and develop a plan to reach them.
Write down my dreams and goals? Develop a plan to reach them? You mean like a project plan? Yes, that’s exactly what this means. You may have heard the old adage: A New Years resolution that isn’t written down is just a dream, and dreams are not goals.
Goals are those concrete, measurable stepping stones of achievement that track your progress towards your dreams. My goal is to start a second career as a freelance writer – what are your goals?
3. Take Action. Goals are nothing without action.
Be like Nike and “Just do it”. I took action by reaching out and started writing. Every day I try to take some action towards my goals. It may be small, but it’s still an action. Have you taken action towards your goals?
4. Never Stop Learning: Go back to school or read books. Get training & acquire skills.
Becoming a life long learner would benefit us all and is something we should instill in our kids. It’s funny that once you’re out of school you realize how enjoyable learning can be. What have you learned today?
5. Be Persistent and Work Hard: Success is a marathon, not a sprint. Never give up.
I think every story of success I read entails long hard hours of work. There is no getting around this and there is no free lunch. But, if you’re working towards something that you’re passionate about, something you love – then is it really work?
6. Learn to Analyze Details: Get all the facts, all the input. Learn from your mistakes.
I think you have to strike a balance between getting all the facts and making a decision with incomplete data – both are traits of successful people. Spend time gathering details, but don’t catch ‘analysis paralysis’.
7. Focus Your Time And Money: Don’t let other people or things distract you.
Remain laser focused on your goals and surround yourself with positive people that believe in you. Don’t be distracted by the naysayer’s or tasks that are not helping you achieve your goals.
8. Don’t Be Afraid To Innovate: Be different. Following the herd is a sure way to mediocrity.
Follow through on that break-out idea you have. Ask yourself “What would I do if I wasn’t afraid?”
9. Deal And Communicate With People Effectively: No person is an island. Learn to understand and motivate others.
Successful people develop and nurture a network and they only do that by treating people openly, fairly and many times firmly. There is nothing wrong about being firm – just don’t cross the a-hole line. How do you deal with people?
10. Be Honest And Dependable: Take responsibility, otherwise numbers 1 – 9 won’t matter.

Interviewing for the Job: Making a Good Impression

Many employers want to interview people in person before they hire them. Making a good impression at a job interview can do a lot toward helping you get the job.

Job Interview Tips
Before the interview:

Research the company and the available position.

Have a practice interview, either with a friend, MTSTCIL staff, or by yourself. Anticipate what kinds of questions you would be asked and how you would answer them.

Know with whom, where, and when your interview is held and how to get there.

Be prepared:

Ask the company or person interviewing you if you need to bring anything special to the interview.

Bring extra copies of your resume, identification, references with addresses and phone numbers.

Bring a written list of questions for the person interviewing you about the job and the company.

Day of the interview:

Show up for your interview on time.

Dress professionally and be well groomed. While not every company requires people to wear business suits, you should dress and look professional for your interview (even if it means you are overdressed for the occasion!) Again, it's fine to ask the interviewer before your interview how you should dress.

Introduce yourself to your interviewer and shake hands. Be sure to thank the interviewer for seeing you.

Use good posture, be polite, and keep eye contact throughout the interview.

Use good listening and communication skills. Listen carefully to the interviewer and answer their questions as best as you can. Be cheerful and enthusiastic when talking.

Blogging for Startups: 10 Essential Tips to Make it Work

Blogs serve as a great way to increase organic traffic and establish the all-important relationship of “know, like, trust” through the provision of free content. In addition, few other marketing channels allow you to connect so well with prospective (and current) customers as well as giving you a platform to provide readers with a ton of value.
To become a thought leader in your startup’s industry, and to generate quality leads through your blog, be sure to follow these ten essential steps to creating a blog presence that thrives in the crowded blogosphere.

1. Create useful resources

You’ve likely heard (many times over) the effectiveness that resource pages and opt-in freebies play in generating more email sign-ups, and it’s all true.
But when it comes to startups, these resources become doubly important.
It’s critical that you create numerous resources that are both informative about your industry and your offering.
Maintaining an ever-growing resource section that employs multiple media types to help people become informed about both your industry and your business is essential for increasing conversions.
It’s important to branch out into visual media to promote these resources, too. One of my favorite methods is to create slideshows based on existing content.
Why are resources so important for startups?
If you’re just running a blog, your resources are likely going to be used to generate more subscribers.
But for a startup, these resources can be the deciding factor in whether customers are willing to try you out: your free content gets them on your site, but your professionally prepared and incredibly useful resources give them the info they need to justify a purchase.

2. On-site content + guest blogging = success

Don’t get me wrong, running a company blog is hugely important. It’s so obviously effective, it almost doesn’t need to be mentioned.
One thing I see many startups fail to do, however, is to embrace the power of guest blogging.
Although the process can be time consuming, and it may take an extended period before any fantastic results are achieved, it is hard to argue with the success of folks like the BufferApp team, who’ve utilized guest blogging to attract over 100,000 users to their service.
Great on-site content deserves to be viewed, and there are few things that work as well as guest blogging to get your worthy content in front of readers who will enjoy it. Speaking of getting the word out…

3. Content promotion doesn’t end with a tweet

This is a big one. In fact, I’d go as far as saying that this is the biggest mistake any blogger can make.
Once a great piece of content is written for your blog, you may think your work’s done. In reality, it’s just begun.
They don’t call it “content marketing” just for kicks: although the content itself is a good marketing outlet, you’ve got to market your own content in order for it to succeed.
What does this mean? It means reaching out to people who may enjoy your posts.
This exemplary tale of getting published on Lifehacker makes an important point: when your content really is interesting and informative, getting featured on a huge blog like that may only be an email away.
It’s all about finding the right places for your content, and establishing a connection with the sites’ owners through mutual interests. Don’t blast your latest article out to everybody you know. Find a few people who might really enjoy it, and send them a personal email.
If you don’t know where to begin, I recommend browsing a few sites in your niche via AllTop.

4. Repeat after me: it’s not about you!

This is content marketing 101, and although it’s pegged at point four on this list, this is really the most important tip.
Your startup’s blog is never going to be an industry leader if the only thing you talk about is you.
On occasion, an important company update is definitely necessary. Cool company stories also make the cut, because they’re something that anyone can enjoy.
The rest of the time, you need to be creating content that informs, delights, and solves the problems of potential customers.
One of my favorite examples of a company that gets it can be found over on the Mint blog. While Mint is a powerful tool that’s worth writing about, the Mint blog focuses on Mint’s customers’ interests, which in this case includes topics like personal finance, savings, and income (jobs).
People read what interests them. While the internal updates within your startup may interest you, few other people are going to want to read about them. That’s why, in order to become a thought leader, your content needs to serve customer’ needs and interests, not yours or your team’s.
Your goal is to turn your company blog into a resource of its own. When other outlets start doing round-ups of the Top 25 [your niche] Blogs, will yours be mentioned?

5. Use the “halo effect” to generate more links

Your startup shouldn’t be excessively worried about getting backlinks, but generating links is an importance process of establishing your company’s (and your blog’s) authority in search engines.
One thing that startups can utilize is the so-called halo effect.
The halo effect states that people will generally feel favorably towards people (and things) that give them a good impression (that impression can be through association, perceived intelligence, and even their attractiveness).
As an example, there are many entrepreneurial shows that startup founders can appear on for more exposure. The shows are popular and seen favorably, and so are the people who appear on them as guests.
Here’s a great interview with Jason Cohen (founder of WPEngine) on Mixergy, which leverages the story of his startup’s growth for additional exposure.
This is the halo-effect in action: people generally support startups and view a group of hard-working people toiling away at a new venture as admirable, and they will often be willing to tell your story if it relates to their audience.

6. Check in on the competition, and find what they’re lacking

You can’t create a great company blog without a unique selling proposition. It’s needed for your business and it’s essential for your content as well.
The best way to do this is to see what’s lacking over on your competitor’s blog.
One great example comes from the fine folks at StudioPress, where content creator Josh Byers creates some of the more interesting web-design content around.
Many other WordPress theme sites only update on new theme releases or new features. If they don’t do that, their blog posts are often uninspired or generic.
Taking advantage of this, Josh creates some really in-depth content like the Secret to Confidence with Color Design, a fantastic look (with some great visuals) on a topic that many rookie website owners struggle with.
While competitors are busy focusing on themselves, Josh and the StudioPress team produce a ton of content that helps readers, and that’s the best kind of content to write!
What gaps are your competitors leaving wide open? How could you come in and fill the void?

7. Collaborate to take things to the next level

One of the biggest advantages you have at a startup is that you have access to a lot of talented minds. You don’t need to rely entirely on yourself, as you do as a solo blogger.
I mentioned how effective resources can be, but these collaborative efforts can also be used to enhance your marketing.
One of my favorite examples comes from the excellent startup Grasshopper, which collaborated with Less Films in order to create a video entitled “Sh*t (Tech) Entrepreneurs Say”, a comedic spin in the same vein of the original viral video:

On your team you’ll likely have a multitude of talents, so if you are able to use different aspects like visual marketing, creating different kinds of media, or brainstorming other out-of-the-box marketing tactics, you’ll more than likely have the manpower to pull it off (this is a more difficult process if you work alone).

8. Don’t fall for the social media trap

Bring out the pitchforks! Yes folks, I said it: social media is by and large way less useful than its vastly superior counterpart: email.
Social media is great in that it lets other people share your content. That’s good for exposure, but it happens without you being there. While it is useful for your brand to engage on all of the essential social media platforms, you’re dooming yourself to failure if you aren’t placing emphasis on email.
Email is the greatest way to provide customers value, to drive consistent and reliable traffic back to your site, and to … oh yeah, make more sales.
This is especially true if your startup is in the enterprise software or B2B spaces, because email crushes social media in those areas.
So remember, it’s great to create a strong following on Twitter, but if you aren’t ending your funnel with email (and actual sales), you’re just wasting your time.

9. Simplify your SEO

Search engine optimization is a powerful piece of the content marketing puzzle, but it can be portrayed as a very complex subject, and that’s largely because at its deeper levels, it is.
For startups, the most important SEO rule is this: create content for humans, then target one keyphrase per article. That’s it.
Create blog posts that people will enjoy. Next, find a relevant keyphrase that you might be able to rank for that’s related to that article. After you’ve figured this out, you can contextually link back to that article from guest posts and other off-site features, as well as make headline adjustments in things like All-in-one-SEO to enhance on-site optimization.
Industry-leading content is made for people to read and enjoy, but by keeping search engines in mind can help get it in front of a larger audience.

10. Follow the leader(s)

Sivan Cohen recently did a great piece on Mashable entitled 5 Tech Companies That Get Content Marketing Right, and in it she outlined some of my favorite places to observe as I look to improve my own blogging efforts.
To make things a bit more concise, I’ll highlight my two favorites:

• the KISSmetrics blog
• the BufferApp blog.

Here’s what I like about what they do…

RATIONAL ROSE TUTORIAL DOWNLOAD

Rational Rose is an object-oriented Unified Modeling Language (UML) software design tool intended for visual modeling and component construction of enterprise-level software applications. In much the same way a theatrical director blocks out a play, a software designer uses Rational Rose to visually create (model) the framework for an application by blocking out classes with actors (stick figures), use case elements (ovals), objects (rectangles) and messages/relationships (arrows) in a sequence diagram using drag-and-drop symbols. Rational Rose documents the diagram as it is being constructed and then generates code in the designer's choice of C++, Visual Basic, Java, Oracle8, Corba or Data Definition Language.


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OBJECT ORIENTED ANYLYSIS AND DESIGN BY GRADY BOOCH DOWNLOAD

The introduction of the object-oriented approach in the 1970s marked a radical change in the methodology and approach of large-scale application development. "The old paradigm, Algorithmic Decomposition, offered a top-down methodical approach. Large and small-scale applications relied heavily on testing and debugging to meet the required specifications" (2). Object Oriented Design (OOD) fundamentally changed the way software designers and specification writers approached the problem of efficiently designing applications

 

 

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Introduction to Visual Studio

 Introduction Visual Studio is a complete set of development tools for building ASP.NET Web applications, XML Web Services, desktop applications, and mobile applications. Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual C#, and Visual J# all use the same integrated development environment (IDE), which allows them to share tools and facilitates in the creation of mixed-language solutions. In addition, these languages leverage the functionality of the .Visual Studio can be used to write console applications, Windows applications, Windows services, Windows Mobile applications, ASP.NET applications, and ASP.NET web services, in your choice of C++, C#, VB.NET, J#, and more. Visual Studio also includes various additional development tools, such as Visual SourceSafe; which tools are included depends greatly on the edition of Visual Studio that you are using

Capabilities

What can you really do with Visual Studio? Following are some of the various applications that can be built using Visual Studio.

• Console applications: These applications run from the command line and do not include a graphical interface, but are great for small tools or anything that will be run by another application.

• Windows services: Services are applications that run in the background while your computer is running. These are usually applications that will have to perform scheduled tasks or handle continuous network requests.
• ASP.NET applications: ASP.NET is a powerful technology that is used to create dynamic web applications, often driven by a database. Many popular websites are written using ASP.NET, including those of e-commerce giants like Dell.
• ASP.NET web services: ASP.NET provides a complete web services model that allows you to quickly and easily create web services.
• Windows Mobile applications: Windows Mobile applications can run on devices that include the Compact framework; these include Pocket PC devices, as well as cell phones running the Microsoft Smartphone platform

• Web Form

  Web Forms are an ASP.NET technology that you use to create programmable Web pages. Web Forms render themselves as browser-compatible HTML and script, which allows any browser on any platform to view the pages. Using Web Forms, you create Web pages by dragging and dropping controls onto the designer and then adding code, similar to the way that you create Visual Basic forms. For more information, see ASP.NET Web Pages Overview.
  
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• MFC/ATL/Win32 applications: You can also still create traditional MFC, ATL, or Win32 applications using C++. These applications do not need the .NET runtime to run, but also don't include many of the benefits of working with the .NET framework.

• Windows Forms

  Windows Forms is for creating Microsoft Windows applications on the .NET Framework. This framework provides a clear, object-oriented, extensible set of classes that enables you to develop rich Windows applications. Additionally, Windows Forms can act as the local user interface in a multi-tier distributed solution. For more information, see Introduction to Win
  
   
• Visual Studio add-ins: That's right, you can use Visual Studio to write new functionality to be added into Visual Studio.
• And more: Visual Studio also includes projects to deploy your application, work with databases, create reports, and more.

Visual Studio provides an extensible model for adding new projects to Visual Studio; many other Microsoft applications now integrate directly into the IDE. Some of the most common include SQL Server Reporting Services and Visual Studio T
All of the above applications could be written using another IDE or some combination of freely available SDKs and your favorite text editor, so why would you pay for Visual Studio? Visual Studio is dedicated to making your development life easier through time-saving and convenient features; here are some of the most compelling of those features.

• IntelliSense: IntelliSense is the trademark feature of Visual Studio. IntelliSense simply helps you while programming by showing you the available classes and the methods and properties available on those classes. Can't remember what the name of that class, method, or property is? No worries, IntelliSense will help out.
• Designers: Visual Studio includes visual WSYIWYG designers for Windows applications, ASP.NET applications, and Windows Mobile applications. These designers make it much easier to get your application looking just right.
• Debugging: One of the most important features of Visual Studio is the ability to step through your application line by line as it is executing. Not sure why you are getting an error? Simply walk through and see exactly what is going wrong.
• Organization: Visual Studio is built for developing applications, so it provides intuitive methods for organizing your various code files into projects and your various projects into solutio

Introduction to Computers/History

Introduction to Computer
Computers were initially large machines that could fill entire rooms. Some were operated using large vacuum tubes that formed the basis of today's transistors. In order to operate such machines, punch cards were used. One of the first such examples of this was the Jacquard Loom. In 1833 Charles Babbage invented his difference engine, an early calculator. Together with the punch card design, he created the analytical engine. Regrettably the engine never saw completion due to political issues.
Over time computers became more and more powerful, with the introduction of the ubiquitous microprocessor driving forward development. Gordon Moore, one of the co-founders of Intel, invented Moores law, which predicted that the number of transistors that could be placed on an integrated circuit inexpensively doubled every 2 years. This law has held true to a certain degree, and it can be seen in motion every day with the introduction of more and more powerful microprocessors and larger hard drives and memory modules.

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Data Structure and Algorthm

 Introduction:
A data structure is an arrangement of data in a computer's memory or even disk storage. An example of several common data structures are arrays, linked lists, queues, stacks, binary trees, and hash tables. Algorithms, on the other hand, are used to manipulate the data contained in these data structures as in searching and sorting.
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Rational Software, Inc. was a company founded by the "three amigos" (Booch, Jacobson, Rambaugh) , the creators of UML. The company's main product was Rational Rose, a CASE Tool to forward and reverse engineer UML models. It is now a division of IBM. Rational Rose has multiple "views" or models of an application. The two most important ones are the "logical view" which is the actual class model (in UML notation), and the "physical view" that consists of "components" that contain the actual (code) implementation of the classes of in the logical view

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C# Program Examples

1. Even or odd  program in C#

Find The Value of Even or Odd in C# Program

Description:

Here in this program, The conditional statement (If statement)is used with the condition (i.e) The remainder value is zero or non zero when dividing the given value by 2, Conslole.WriteLine is used to display the given value is even or odd and Console.ReadLine is used to get the input value.

Sample Code:

using System;

using System.Collections.Generic;

using System.Text;

namespace codeforevenorodd

{

class Program

{

static void Main(string[] args)

{

string g;

int j = 0;

int i;

Console.WriteLine(" Enter the value: ");

g = Console.ReadLine();

i = Convert.ToInt32(g);

j = (i % 2);

if(j == 0)

{

Console.WriteLine("The given value is even ");

}

else

{

Console.WriteLine("The given value is odd ");

}

}

}

}

Sample Input_1:

Enter the value:

88

Sample Output: The given value is even

Sample Input_2:

Enter the value:

23

Sample Output: The given value is odd

 

  2 Palindrome  program in C#

A sample program in C# is used to find the given value is palindrome or not both for string value and numbers.

Description:

In this program, either string or number is taken as a input for checking palindrome.

Palindrome is a specific name given for the word or number which shows the same name or number when reversed from right to left or vice-versa. While loop is used to check the given condition is palindrome or not. Conslole.WriteLine is used to display the given value is palindrome or not and Console.ReadLine is used to get the input value.

Sample Code:

using System;

using System.Collections.Generic;

using System.Text;

namespace codeforpalindrome

{

class Program

{

static void Main(string[] args)

{

string s1;

int j = 0;

int i = 0;

Console.WriteLine(" Enter the value ");

s1 = Console.ReadLine();

j = s1.Length;

while (i != (j - 1))

{

if (s1[i] == s1[j - 1])

{

i++;

j = j - 1;

}

else

{

Console.WriteLine(" The given value is not a palindrome");

break;

}

}

if (i == (j-1))

{

Console.WriteLine("The given value is a plaindrome");

}

}

}

}

Sample Input_1:

Enter the value:

malayalam

Sample Output: The given value is a palindrome.

Sample Input_2:

Enter the value:

sir

Sample Output: The given value is not a palindrome.

Sample Input_3:

Enter the value:

12321

Sample Output: The given value is a palindrome.

Sample Input_4:

Enter the value:

12345

Sample Output: The given value is not a palindrome.

Matrix representation –program in C#

The matrix representation program is used to display the given number of rows and columns in a matrix format.

Description:

In this program, number of rows and columns are taken as input. For loop is uesd to diplay the output in a matrix format with each values in a rows and columns as a specific character(*). Try-catch block (Exception) is used to handle errors.

Sample Code:

using System;

using System.Collections.Generic;

using System.Text;

namespace codeformatrix

{

class Program

{

static void Main(string[] args)

{

try

{

string i;

string j;

int m;

int n;

int no_of_rows = 0;

int no_of_columns = 0;

Console.WriteLine("Enter the number of rows ");

i = Console.ReadLine();

no_of_rows = Convert.ToInt32(i);

Console.WriteLine("Enter the number of columns ");

j = Console.ReadLine();

no_of_columns = Convert.ToInt32(j);

for (n = 0; n < no_of_rows; n++)

{

for (m = 0; m < no_of_columns; m++)

{

Console.Write(" * ");

}

Console.WriteLine(" \n " );

}

}

catch (Exception e)

{

Console.WriteLine("Exception occured: " + e.Message);

}

}

}

}

Sample Input :

Enter the number of rows: 3

Enter the number of columns: 3

Sample Output:

The matrix format for given number of rows and columns is

* * *

* * *

* * *

Triangle representation –program in C#

A sample program in C# is uesd to display the given charcter in a trianglular format.

Description:

This triangle representation program is used to diplay the given character in a triangular format. In this program, no of rows is taken as input and For loop is used to represent the given character in a triangle format. Conslole.WriteLine is used to display the given character and Console.ReadLine is used to get the input (no_of_rows) value.

Sample code:

using System;

using System.Collections.Generic;

using System.Text;

namespace codefortriangleformat

{

class Program

{

static void Main(string[] args)

{

string j;

int k = 0;

int m = 1;

int i = 1;

int y = 0;

int a = 0;

int no_of_rows = 0;

Console.WriteLine(" Enter the number of rows ");

j = Console.ReadLine();

no_of_rows = Convert.ToInt32(j);

a = (2*no_of_rows) - 1;

y = (a-1)/2;

for (i = 1; i <= no_of_rows; i++)

{

for (a = 0; a < y; a++)

{

Console.Write(" ");

Console.Write(" ");

}

for (k = 0; k < m; k++)

{

Console.Write(" * ");

}

Console.WriteLine(" \n");

m = m + 2;

y--;

}

}

}

}

Sample Input :

Enter the number of rows: 5

Sample Output:

*

* * *

* * * * *

* * * * * * *

* * * * * * * * *